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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00238_Field_frep136.txt
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1996-12-30
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How, then, could the
strabismus have produced such
a radical change in cortical
function? To answer this we
need to consider how the two
eyes normally act together.
What the strabismus had
changed was the relationship
between the stimuli to the two
eyes. When we look at a scene,
the images in the two retinas
from any point in the scene
normally fall on locations that
are the same distance and in
the same direction from the two
foveas--they fall on
corresponding points. If a
binocular cell in the cortex
happens to be activated when
an image falls on the left
retina--if the cell's receptive
field is crossed by a dark-light
contour whose orientation is
exactly right for the cell--then
that cell will also be excited by
the image on the right retina,
for three reasons: (1) the images
fall on the same parts of the two
retinas, (2) a binocular cell
(unless it is specialized for
depth) has its receptive fields
in exactly the same parts of the
two retinas, and (3) the
orientation preferences of
binocular cells are always the
same in the two eyes. If the eyes
are not parallel, reason 1
obviously no longer applies:
with the images no longer in
concordance, if at a given
moment a cell happens to be
told to fire by one eye, whether
the other eye will also be
telling the cell to fire is a
matter of chance. This, as far as
a single cell is concerned,
would seem to be the only thing
that changes in strabismus.
Somehow, in a young kitten,
the perpetuation over weeks or
months of this state of affairs,
in which the signals from the
two eyes are no longer
concordant, causes the weaker
of the two sets of connections
to the cell to weaken even
further and often for practical
purposes to disappear. Thus we
have an example of ill effects
coming not as a result of
removing or withholding a
stimulus, but merely as a result
of disrupting the normal time
relationships between two sets
of stimuli--a subtle insult
indeed, considering the gravity
of the consequences.
In these experiments,
monkeys gave the same results
as kittens; it therefore seems
likely that strabismus leads to
the same consequences in
humans. Clinically, in someone
with a long-standing
alternating strabismus, even if
the strabismus is repaired, the
person does not usually regain
the ability to see depth. The
surgeon can bring the two eyes
into alignment only to the
nearest few degrees. Perhaps
the failure to recover is due to
the loss of the person's ability
to make up the residual deficit,
to fuse the two images perfectly
by bringing the eyes into
alignment to the nearest few
minutes of arc. Surgically
repairing the strabismus aligns
the eyes well enough so that in
a normal person the neural
mechanisms would be
sufficient to take care of the
remaining few degrees of fine
adjustment, but in a strabismic
person these are the very
mechanisms, including
binocular cells in the cortex,
that have been disrupted. To get
recovery would presumably
require protracted
reestablishment of perfect
alignment in the two eyes,
something that requires normal
muscle alignment plus an
alignment depending on
binocular vision.